VRChat explained the plan to partner with an organization called Persona to externally verify age with a government ID as well as a phone or computer with a camera. The feature will be used to "gate access to instances that were created with the 'Age Verification' option enabled" and won't be required to use VRChat overall. "Age-verified users can also opt to have a Verified 18+ badge added to their profile," VRChat explains on a form for groups to apply for early access.
Source: www.uploadvr.com